"This time is not driven by the threat to transatlantic sea lanes of communication from large numbers of Soviet submarines, but by recognition of the ability of much smaller states to deny access to their littorals with a few submarines or mines. Defense is a poor primary naval mission in general and a terrible one for submarines. The original Maritime Strategy, conceived and developed by Chiefs of Naval Operations Thomas B. Hayward and James D. Watkins, made the Soviets play defense because of the demonstrated early offensive ability. To draw analogies between the offensive-minded antisubmarine warfare strategy represented by the Maritime Strategy and the need to combat the technology and techniques of a littoral submarine threat in the future, several differences must be considered."