"Towards the end of May 2008, units from 14 navies assembled off Arendal in southern Norway to rehearse how they might rescue sailors from a distressed submarine (DISSUB) stranded on the seabed. Exercise 'Bold Monarch 2008' (BMH '08'0, conducted from 26 May to 6 June, provided NATO and non-NATO navies with an opportunity to train and rehearse the arts of submarine rescue (exercising both command-and-control (C2) aspects and rescue equipment). The live exercise (LIVEX) saw an array of ships, submersibles, robotic vehicles, diving teams and specialist medical personnel demonstrate what they contribute in a real submarine escape and rescue emergency. The objective of 'BMH '08' was to train and demonstrate that NATO, in participation with other submarine-operating nations, can perform life-saving operations in support of a DISSUB, including C2, intervention and rescue operations, and all medical aspects involved in a 'SUBSUNK' incident (the NATO alert signal for a sunken submarine). Furthermore, it helped to validate assts and standard operating procedures, further develop rescue systems and advertise submarine escape and rescue capabilities to nations outside NATO."